From human scholars to AI fatwas: Media, ethics, and the limits of AI in Islamic religious communication

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Islamic jurisprudence, particularly in the issuance of fatwas, raises significant theological, ethical,and practical concerns. Traditionally, Islamic legal rulings have been derived through scholarly interpretations of the Quran, Hadith, Ijma (consensus), and Qiyas (analogy). The rise of AI-driven fatwa systems challenges this conventional framework by introducing automated decision-making processes that lack of ijtihad(independent reasoning), niyyah (intention), and divine inspiration elements that are essential for legitimate Islamic rulings. While AI-powered applications can providequick access to established and stable rulings, concerns persist regarding their ability to uphold the ethical and spiritual integrity of Islamic jurisprudence. This research concludes that AI-generated fatwas cannot fully replace human scholars, primarily due to their limitations in contextual reasoning. This conclusion is drawn through a qualitative descriptive content analysis of recent research papers and official announcements regarding the use of AI by various Darul-Ifta institutions in Muslim countries. However, AI can be used effectively under scholarly supervision in areas such as Islamic finance, halal certification, and preliminary legal guidance. A balanced approach, where AI serves as a supportive tool rather than an authoritative source of religious rulings, ensures that technological advancements align with Islamic ethical principles. The study emphasizes the necessity of human oversight to maintain the authenticity of religious verdicts and proposes a framework for integrating AI responsibly within Islamic jurisprudence.