Doko, Enis
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Organizasyon Birimleri
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü
Bölüm, uluslararası standartlarda nitelikli bilgi üretmeyi, özellikle İslam felsefesi, Türk düşüncesi ve fenomenoloji geleneğini merkeze almayı ve bu meyanda felsefi bilgi üretilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Batı'da gelişen felsefenin soy kütüğünde sadece Yunan, Helenistik ve Hıristiyan değil, İslam felsefi mirası da yer almaktadır.
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Enis Doko
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Din Felsefesi, Bilim Felsefesi, Fizik Felsefesi, Soğuk Atom Fiziği
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Yayın A metaphysical inquiry into Islamic theism(Routledge, 2023) Doko, Enis; Turner, Jamie B.; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüThe effervescent and dynamic history of Islamic theology in its formative years bears witness to organic, philosophical, intra-religious, and politically charged developments over the question of God’s nature. Following the sudden and explosive expansion of Islamic civilization in the first 200 years since its advent, Muslims quickly developed a religious and political unity which saw them govern over large sways of disparate religious communities, with Muslims being a technical religious minority political ruling class. This rather distinct socio-political context in which Muslims found themselves gave rise to a whole host of developments in both religious and secular disciplines. To be sure, the religious diversity within the Umayyad and Abbasid empires did not impose or necessarily act as the primary influence upon these developments, but it and the combination of organic dialogue from within, followed by a touch here and there of politico-religious dogmatism (i.e., the mi?na of the Mu’tazila), led to a theological conversation which oversaw the flowering of distinct Islamic theological schools, and the advent of Muslim peripatetic philosophies...Yayın Criticism of the non-theistic explanations of fine-tuning(Science Publishing Group, 2019) Doko, Enis; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüModern physics has shown that the universe is fine-tuned for life. Theists have argued that fine-tuning of the universe for life can be used as a premise in for a teleological argument for the existence of God. One possible way to develop such an argument is to argue that best explanation of fine-tuning is theistic design hypothesis. There are two strategies which can be employed against this argument. First one can claim that there are naturalistic explanations of fine-tuning superior than the design hypothesis. In this paper we analyze the two main alternatives of design hypothesis, the more fundamental law and multiverse hypothesis. Second one can object to the claim that design hypothesis can explain fine-tuning. We also analyze two such objections the “God of the gaps” objection and “Who designed the God” objection. We try to show that both approaches do not undermine the teleological argument based on fine-tuning.Yayın Islamic theism and the multiverse(MDPI, 2024) Doko, Enis; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüIn this paper, we argue that under certain assumptions, Islamic theism moves in the direction of a multiverse. We present several arguments in two major categories. The first is based on the divine attribute of everlastingness: if God’s everlasting attributes are expressed in the creation and the universe has a finite past, then God created a multiverse. The second category involves perfect being theology: if some of God’s attributes express themselves in the creation, and God has every compossible perfection, then we should expect God to create a multiverse.Yayın Islamic religious epistemology(Cambridge University Press, 2023) Turner, Jamie B.; Doko, Enis; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüThis chapter aims to lay out a map of the diverse epistemological perspectiveswithin the Islamic theological tradition, in the conceptual framework of con-temporary analytic philosophy of religion. In order achieve that goal, it aims toconsider epistemological views in light of their historic context, while at thesame time seeking to “translate” those broadly medieval perspectives intocontemporary philosophical language. In doing so, the chapter offers a succinctoverview of the main epistemic trends within the Islamic theological traditionconcerning religious epistemology. The chapter is divided into two main sectionsdesignated for discussions of differing accounts found in distinct trends of thetradition, namely the Rationalist and Traditionalist trends. The discussion con-cerning the Rationalist trend focuses on the philosophical-theologians of thedominant Mu’tazilite, Ash’arite, and Maturidite schools. The section on IslamicTraditionalism focuses on the Atharite scripturalism of Ibn Qud?ma, and inparticular the thought of Ibn Taymiyya. In order to map out these historicpositions in light of contemporary religious epistemology, reference is made toa threefold typology of current views in the literature: (1) theistic evidentialism,(2) reformed epistemology, and (3) fideism.1 As such, the remainder of thechapter will attempt to outline the different approaches toward religious episte-mology in the Islamic theological tradition with this threefold typology in mind.Yayın Does fine-tuning need an explanation?(2019) Doko, Enis; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüContemporary physics has shown that the universe is fine-tuned for life i.e. of all the possible ways physical laws, initial conditions and constants of physics could have been configured, only an extremely small range is capable of supporting life. Some theists have argued that fine-tuning can be used as a premise in a design argument for the existence of God, while some other scientists and philosophers have argued that fine-tuning provides evidence for a multiverse, a hypothesis which claim that there is more than one universe. Both approaches assume that fine-tuning needs some kind of an explanation. Despite the initial appeal some philosophers and scientists have denied the need of an explanation for the fine-tuning. They either deny that the universe is fine-tuned for existence or else think that we should not be surprised that universe is fine-tuned, and therefore should not search for an explanation. In this paper we analyse some of these claims and try to show that neither of them succeeds in demonstrating that fine-tuning does not need an explanation.Yayın Islam and evolution: A defense(Mehmet Bulğen, 2022) Doko, Enis; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüArguably most crucial issue in science-religion interaction in the Muslim context is the relation of Islam and the Neo-Darwinian theory of evolution. Muslim scholars are divided into two main camps. On the one hand, Muslim scholars with more traditional inclinations think that Islam conflicts with evolution. On the other camp, we have more scientifically oriented Muslim thinkers who think that theory of evolution is fully compatible with Islam. These thinkers, primarily practicing scientists, usually either offer a metaphorical reading of some of the Qur’anic verses or reinterpret them. In this paper, I will take a middle ground and try to evaluate the compatibility of the traditional reading of Qur’an with the Neo-Darwinian theory of evolution without invoking metaphorical reading or reinterpretation. We will also accept the standard scientific narrative without any distortion. First, I will defend the claim that the scriptural creation narrative is incompatible with the theory of evolution is analogous to the problem of evil, i.e., the claim that evil is incompatible with the God of classical Theism. Using this analogy, I will argue that rather than trying to find a complete and plausible account of how the Qur’anic narrative and the theory of evolution can both be true, we should search for more modest approaches which just aim to show that two accounts are compatible—similar to defenses in the context of the problem of evil. After sketching both the scientific as well as the scriptural accounts, and after arguing that the only potential conflict lies in the common ancestry thesis, I will present two such defenses which aim to show the compatibility of the Qur’anic narrative with the theory of evolution. First, the "double creation defense" involves scenarios at which Adam is created twice, once in Paradise, which is described by scripture, and the other one on Earth described by evolutionary science. As such, both accounts can be true at the same time and therefore are compatible. Second, "the multiple ancestors defense" argues that God might have created Adam out of clay directly, with his descendants reproducing with evolved homo sapiens. As such, both creation narratives coexist without inconsistency.Yayın Where does morality come from? How can psychology help answer the question: Is morality innate?(İbn Haldun Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022) Gaaloul, Nadia; Doko, Enis; Doko, EnisIn this research, I attempt to do two things. I will first answer whether morality is innate or acquired through philosophy and psychology. Second, I will uncover which philosophical, ethical theory is the most realistically accurate. Aristotle maintains that morality comes from a virtuous character that can be attained through practical wisdom and habituation. He believes that morality is acquired. Kant claims that morality is derived from categorical imperatives that are based on reason. He has the view that we cannot trust our innate impulses because they will lead us to radical evil. Mill also believes that morality comes from reason, yet he sees that this reason is based on the principle of utility, which judges a moral action based on the amount of pleasure and goodness it produces. Regarding Psychologists, there are two arguments. Thinkers that believe that morality is acquired argue that it is culturally conditioned and, like Kant and Mill, believe that we cannot trust our innate feelings and instincts as they will lead us astray. Part of those innate feelings is empathy, which cannot be trusted to guide our morality. Those that believe morality is innate see that it is a product of evolution and that it is partially innate, that we have innate mechanisms, that include empathy, that motivate us to act morally and learn moral laws and rules from our culture. Even though morality is partially innate, we are still responsible for creating moral habits since our cognitive structures are limited and will cause us mental fatigue if we have to think about and attend to every moral cue. Most empirical findings point to Aristotle's theory being the closest. He was right in what he claimed, except for the idea that morality is fully acquired.Yayın Islamic classical theism and the prospect of strong artificial intelligence(Bursa İlahiyat Vakfı, 2023) Doko, Enis; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüThis article investigates the compatibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI) with classical theism, particularly within the Islamic tradition. By examining the functionalist view of mental states, we argue that a Muslim who accepts classical theism should be open to the possibility of AI that possesses genuine mental states. We present two arguments to support this claim: one that challenges substance dualism and another that assumes dualism. Both arguments demonstrate that mental states can arise in at least two different substances, which implies functionalism. As a result, the development of strong AI would not be surprising from an Islamic perspective, and its creation might even provide corroborative evidence for classical theism. This article thus provides a philosophical foundation for the existence of conscious and intelligent machines and their potential compatibility with Islamic beliefs.Yayın Kalam cosmological argument and the modern science(2018) Doko, Enis; Doko, Enis; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe BölümüHuduth argument (in contemporary Western philosophy known as Kalam Cosmological argument) is an argument for the existence of God which rests on the idea that the universe has a beginning in time. Some theists have claimed that modern science, particularly modern cosmology and second law of thermodynamics supports the key premise of the argument which argues that universe began to exist. On the other hand, some atheists have claimed that Quantum Mechanics have demonstrated that particles can be created without cause falsifying the causal principle of the Kalam cosmological argument which states that everything that begins to exist has a cause. In this article we will evaluate these claims and try to determine what modern science has to say about this argument developed by medieval Muslim theologians.
