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Personal and social factors as a determinate of adolescent smoking
(Taylor & Francis, 2024) Usman, Ali Cissey; Bulut, Sefa; Kaplan, Mehmet; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
Background: Personal and social difficulties are key contributors to smoking during adolescence. Thisstudy examined personal and social factors that influence adolescent smoking. In all the study examinedgender, perception of academic success, relationship between students’ teaching-students relationship,and adolescent smoking. Method: Data used for this study are a portion of a large cross-sectional archival survey data titled “Aquestionnaire for high-school students on cigarette-alcohol-substance use” that was collected in 2018among three high-school types (Anadolu High School, Imam Hatip High School, and Vocation highschool) in Bagcilar, Istanbul. We examined the association between personal factors, social factors, andadolescent smoking by using the Spearman correlation and chi-square test of independence. Findings: Of all the variables irrespective of the influence of school types, the results found a link betweennegative perception of academic success, teacher–student relationships, peer relationships, and gender onadolescent smoking. More specifically, a negative perception of academic success was found to influenceadolescent smoking in vocational high schools, while teacher–student relationships, and gender werefound to influence adolescent smoking in Imam Hatip high schools. The only variable that was found toinfluence adolescent smoking in Anadolu high schools was peer relationship pressures.
Early-modern commodity routes: Ottoman silks in the webs of world trade
(Oxford University Press, 2023) Faroqhi, Suraija Roschan; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü
Silk was particularly important to intra-empire/inter-regional commerce across the vast Ottoman empire, in addition to trade with bordering polities. Historians have approached the interrelated issues of import substitution, political control of trade, trade linked to manufacture, and consumption through Braudel and Wallerstein’s concepts of ‘world economy’ and ‘world-empire’—in which significant sections of the late-eighteenth- and nineteenth-century-Ottoman Empire were incorporated as peripheral territories into a world economy dominated by Europe. Yet, this approach has been little used for the early-modern period, when Ottoman manufacturers supplied luxury silks to Poland, Russia, and the principalities forming present-day Romania, while artisans from the island of Chios successfully substituted their own silks for costly imports from Venice, Iran, and India. Well into the eighteenth century, Ottoman strength derived from control of overland trade routes, more secure than the pirate-infested Indian and Atlantic Oceans—and the war-torn Mediterranean.
Cognition as a natural kind
(Slovak Academy of Sciences - Inst of Philosophy, 2024) Fettahoğlu, Selen; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü
In corvids and apes, cognition evolved convergently instead of being inherited by a shared ancestor. In biology, natural kinds are classified according to common ancestry. So, if we were to apply the same strategy to psychology, cognition among corvids and apes would not be the same natural kind. However, Cameron Buckner claims that cognition is a natural kind. I suggest that by using Ladyman and Ross’s strategy of taking natural kinds as real patterns, we can support that cognition is a natural kind. Cognition seems to have the properties of predictability and compressibility, which are necessary conditions for real patternhood. Thus, convergent evolution examples of cognition, such as that found in corvids and apes, can be the same natural kind.
Social media: Stress factors or coping strategies? A pilot study in a sample of Italian teachers
(University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, 2024) Rizzo, Amelia; Batra, Kavita; Yıldırım, Murat; Bulut, Sefa; Tordonato, Guendalina; De Maio, Virginia; Khabbace, Hicham; Szarpak, Łukasz; Bahramizadeh, Mahmood; Yousefi, Rezvaneh Namazi; Chirico, Francesco; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
Objectives: The present study aims to address the psychological motivations behind social media use, focusing on its under-explored regulatory function in the context of coping strategies and emotional regulation among teachers. This exploratory research explores the relationship between social media engagement and its impact on educators’ stress management and emotional regulation mechanisms. Methods: To investigate this relationship, the study utilized two key instruments: The coping inventory for stressful situations and the Italian version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. These tools were administered to a sample of 214 Italian teachers, predominantly female (90.7%), with ages ranging from 25 to 65 years (Mean±SD 47.19±9.02 years). The study employed correlation analysis to assess the associations between social media use in addition to various coping and emotional regulation strategies. Results: The correlation analysis revealed a nuanced relationship between the usage of certain social media platforms and a higher inclination toward a problem-oriented coping style, alongside a decreased sense of a lack of negative emotional control. Accordingly, while social media can serve as a tool for problem-oriented coping, it may also hinder the ability to disengage from negative emotional states. Discussion: The results of this study shed light on the potential of social media as a resource and a challenge in the emotional and professional lives of teachers. By identifying specific coping strategies that are positively and negatively associated with social media use, the research points toward possible interventions that could mitigate the adverse effects of social media. This could include developing targeted support mechanisms to enhance teachers’ ability to manage stress and regulate emotions effectively, thereby optimizing their use of social media in a way that supports their psychological well-being.
Turkish migrations in the greater Turkic-speaking world, 1450–1830
(Cambridge University Press, 2023) Faroqhi, Suraija Roschan; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü
Volume 1 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations documents the lives and experiences of everyday people through the lens of human movement and mobility from 1400 to 1800. Focusing on the most important typologies of preindustrial global migrations, this volume reveals how these movements transformed global paths of mobility, the impacts of which we still see in societies today. Case studies include those that arose from the demand for free, forced, and unfree labor, long- and short-distance trade, rural/urban displacement, religious mobility, and the rise of the number of refugees worldwide. With thirty chapters from leading experts in the field, this authoritative volume is an essential and detailed study of how migration shaped the nature of global human interactions before the age of modern globalization.
Revealing a word superiority effect using a unique variant of the Latin alphabet: the evidence from Turkish
(Frontiers, 2024) Jordan, Timothy R.; Kalan, Aleynanur; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
When visual stimuli are presented briefly, words are perceived better than nonwords. It is widely accepted that this word superiority effect reflects the efficiency with which words are perceived. However, most of what is known about the effect comes from languages (like English) using the basic Latin alphabet and little is known about whether languages using an alphabetic variant with very different properties can also produce word superiority. Here we report an experiment in which words and nonwords were presented briefly in Turkish, which uses a unique variant of the Latin alphabet containing 29 separate letters, 12 of which are close visual replications of other letters. Despite the potential for visual confusability and perceptual uncertainty, the findings revealed a clear advantage for words over nonwords, indicating that word superiority observed previously for the Latin alphabet can also be observed with the very different variant of this alphabet used for Turkish. Implications of these findings for processes involved in visual word perception are discussed.
A cross-cultural investigation of effective language pedagogy in teachers’ personal practical knowledge narratives: A cultural-ecological perspective
(Routledge, 2024) Kamalivahedazad, Jaber; Rektörlük, Yabancı Diller Okulu
The current case study probes two international language teachers’ perspectives on the role culture plays in their perception of an effective language pedagogy through their personal practical knowledge narratives from a cultural ecological standpoint. To do this, two language teachers from two different cultural backgrounds (Iran and Japan) were asked to write a narrative about an effective class they had taught and how culture had influenced it. These narratives were read carefully and became the basis of three 60-minute semi-structured narrative interviews. Both narratives and interview data were analysed using a thematic analysis based in a cultural ecological perspective. The study contributes to the literature on culturally informed education by recognising culture as a distinctive factor affecting learning in different layers of the cultural ecology and can inform a culture-specific, nativized teacher education programme.
Building higher value-added firm practices in challenging contexts: Formal networks and talent management in Turkey
(SAGE Publications, 2024) Demirbağ, Mehmet; Tatoğlu, Ekrem; Wood, Geoffrey; Glaister, Alison J.; Zaim, Selim; Nair, Smitha R.; Tatoğlu, Ekrem; Zaim, Selim; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Where do high-impact human resources management practices thrive, and how do they make a difference in environments with limited institutional support? This study delves into the realm of talent management (TM) in Turkey, where institutional coverage is incomplete and unstable. Drawing on survey data, we explore the conditions under which TM succeeds, supplementing previous research on internal networks by examining the impact of external networks that encompass the entire firm. We find that when firms have closer ties with customers, suppliers and competitors (and hence, the basis for formal network tie building), TM is more prevalent and more likely to be successful. While conventional wisdom in comparative institutional literature suggests that such dense ties might be less effective in emerging markets owing to the absence of advanced complementarities found in mature economies, our study challenges these assumptions. In the eyes of managers, TM is not merely a tool to overcome disadvantages; it is perceived as a source of opportunities. This prompts a critical question: what specific advantages does the emerging economy system confer on firms embracing TM? Our study seeks to unravel these dynamics and contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between institutional contexts and TM.
An ecological inquiry into the identity formation of a novice TESOL research mentor: Critical autoethnographic narratives in focus
(SAGE Publications, 2024) Kamali, Jaber; Kamalivahedazad, Jaber; Rektörlük, Yabancı Diller Okulu
This study reports on the identity formation of the author as a novice research mentor of an independent research course for TESOL teachers over six months (from the course design to the first research submission). The data is collected from four critical autoethnographic narratives written by the author before, during, and after this period. The narratives were analysed thematically with an eye on the theoretical underpinning of the study, i.e. ecological perspective, in three ecological layers namely micro-, meso-, and macrosystem. The results revealed that the author’s identity construction was influenced by different factors such as ‘autonomy in mentoring’, ‘mediating mentorship’, or ‘academic recognition’ in three levels of educational ecology. The results of this study can motivate research mentors and teacher educators, specifically novice ones, to find some similarities with the ideas discussed in this research and to record their lived experiences as a tool for reflection.
Cultural placebos from the wild in patients with mental disorders: The case of the Nour Association in Fez-Morocco
(University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, 2024) Khabbache, Hicham; Ouazizi, Khalid; Ali, Driss Ait; Cherqui, Abdelhalim; Rizzo, Amelia; Tarchi, Livio; Bulut, Sefa; Szarpak, Łukasz; Makkaoui, Mohamed; Ghouat, Hanane El; Afshari, Parisa Jalilzadeh; Yousefi, Rezvaneh Namazi; Chirico, Francesco; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
Objectives: In urgent situations, like those experienced by the Nour Association, individuals often turn to their ethnocultural backgrounds and ingrained coping mechanisms to enhance their psychological and overall well-being. Methods: This study employed a dual-analytical approach. Initially, participant observation was used to understand the day-to-day activities within the Nour Center’s authentic environment. Subsequently, three cognitive theories—conceptual metaphor, schema, and frame theory were applied to analyze and interpret the transformation in the patients’ conceptual systems comprehensively. Results: We detected that the patient community at the Nour Center utilized various socio-cultural practices (drama roleplay, peer-support therapy, and task-shifting) to create an improvised, theory-independent recovery program focused on ‘awakening’ and ‘selfempowerment’. These latter were mediated by higher-order meta-cognitive processes, such as ‘self-regulation’ and ‘self-description’, frames, such as ‘the home frame’ and ‘the hospital frame’, and schemata, such as ‘the function schema’, which are foundational to ‘cultural placebos’. Discussion: The present findings established that both general health and mental health are significantly shaped by societal influences, indicating that cultural therapy emerges from the intricate dynamics of sub-cultural social systems. Ultimately, concepts of illness and recovery are subject to cultural negotiation.
Examining the shifting dynamics of the Beveridge curve in the Turkish labor market during crises
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Babangida, Jamilu Said; Khan, Asad ul Islam; Aysan, Ahmet Faruk; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü
Following the global financial crisis, an increasing amount of attention has been directed towards examining the Beveridge curve (BC), which indicates the relationship between unemployment and vacancy rates. This research analyzes the unemployment–vacancy rate dynamics in the Turkiye labor market during both the global financial crisis and COVID-19 periods. The findings from this study demonstrate that the labor market exhibits deteriorating efficiency, as evidenced by movement of BC away from the origin. The unemployment and vacancy rates both increase over time, with a leftward (rightward) shift of BC during the global financial crisis (COVID-19) period. The study also reveals that both crises had no significant effect on unemployment–vacancy rate dynamics. In the Turkish labor market, there exists a situation where the vacancy rate is in shortfall of the unemployment level in Turkiye. This creates a positive relationship between these two factors. The labor market in Turkiye experiences inefficiencies as it struggles to generate a sufficient number of jobs to meet the demand from job seekers.
From the New Order to the Benevolent Event-making children’s education compulsory in the Ottoman Empire, 1808 – 1826
(Selim Hilmi Ozkan, 2024) Baysan, İbrahim Vehbi; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü
Sultan Mahmud II's era witnessed a gradual transition of the centuries-old classical Ottoman education system that was controlled by the ulama into a state administration by the announcement of an imperial decree in 1824. Although this significant change was the third in Europe, it has not been a specific topic for academic research so far. As the documents from the Ottoman archives confirm, the Sultan's efforts concerning children's basic education began almost a decade earlier. He was concerned about the deteriorating quality of the education system. Based on the primary sources, this study aims to portray the historical background and the official transfer of children's education under state control. This decree did not only make children's education compulsory but also displayed families' bad habit of letting little children work instead of sending them to school. According to the imperial decree, children started working at a very early age and did not learn the basics of their religion, and when they grew up, they did not go and educate themselves either. Sultan instructed authorities to prevent child labor and ensure children attended schools learning the basics of their religion. In effect, children's education became the collective responsibility of not only the families but also imams, school teachers, neighborhood administrators, and judges.
Psychotherapies for the treatment of scrupulosity: A systematic review
(Springer, 2024) Toprak, Taha Burak; Özçelik, Hanne Nur; Bulut, Sefa; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
“Scrupulosity” is a common but understudied subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) characterized by religious obsessions and compulsions. Although scrupulosity is a common manifestation of OCD, it has not been adequately addressed in treatment studies. The aim of this study was to understand the conceptual nuances of scrupulosity, its diagnosis, the unique differences in conceptualization and interventions during its treatment, the specific tools needed to monitor the prognosis of the pathology, and the limitations of existing studies through a systematic review. Following PRISMA guidelines, a literature search was conducted, and 13 relevant studies were found in Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, EbscoHost+Ulakbim, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online, and Web of Science databases. Two researchers independently rated the included articles using the MMAT and then met to compare the ratings. Disagreements were resolved through discussion and consensus was reached. There was a general lack of clarity in the conceptualization, diagnosis, and measurement of the severity of scrupulosity, and the content of religious or cultural interventions in the studies was not always clear. For future studies, further clarification, and systematization of the phenomenological features of scrupulosity and related epidemiological and empirical/experimental treatment research are needed.
The effect of learned helplessness on the psychological health of healthcare workers
(SIPISS- Edizioni FS Publishers, 2024) Qourrichi, Abdelmajid; Ouazizi, Khalid; Saaliti, Elmostapha; Ait Ali, Driss; El Alami, Laila; Hilal, Meryem; Nucera, Gabriella; Rizzo, Amelia; Yildirim, Murat; Bahramizadeh, Mahmood; Batra, Kavita; Szarpak, Lukasz; Bulut, Sefa; Chirico, Francesco; Bulut, Sefa; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
The study of the relationship between learned helplessness and psychological health in the workplace provides a good understanding of how psychological health functions and identifies the factors of well-being and psychological distress among caregiving staff. Methods: To examine the impact of learned helplessness on the determinants of psychological health among healthcare workers, we surveyed a sample of 141 Moroccan healthcare workers (62.41% female; Mage=41.4). Results: The results indicated that psychological well-being at work is negatively correlated with feelings of learned helplessness. In contrast, psychological distress reports a significant positive correlation with feelings of helplessness among healthcare workers (-.28 and .35, respectively). Discussion: The study of the link between feelings of learned helplessness and psychological health at work provides a good understanding of the problem of psychological health at work among caregiving staff and identifies its determinants. This study's results underline that the feelings of helplessness that healthcare workers learn during their professional practice influence their psychological health and help to (partially) explain their psychological well-being and distress. The statistical analysis results reveal that learned helplessness reports a significant correlation coefficient with psychological well-being at work and its factors (serenity, social commitment, and social harmony).
Stimulation of the collective memory of the 1999 Turkey earthquake through the Turkish media coverage of the 2023 earthquake
(Bastas, 2024) Aldamen, Yasmin; Abdul Jaleel, Dilana Thasleem; Aldamen, Yasmin; İletişim Fakültesi, Yeni Medya ve İletişim Fakültesi
Turkey has been struck by several powerful earthquakes. Since the 1999 earthquake was the most recent and devastating earthquake before the last one happened in February 2023, many of these media channels’ depictions of the 2023 earthquake in Turkey may have been impacted by the collective memory of the 1999 earthquake. Collective memory of disasters and conflicts frequently takes on special significance as a mechanism for society to cope with the catastrophic events they have witnessed. Collective memory aids societies in dealing with the consequences of such events by giving a feeling of continuity as well as a structure for interpreting and comprehending what occurred. The media and social media are important in developing and conveying collective memory. They play an important role in framing events, transmitting details, and providing a forum for public debate. Social media, in addition to traditional media, has emerged as an innovative platform for the construction and diffusion of collective memory. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the Turkish media depicted the collective memory of the 1999 earthquake in the aftermath of the 2023 earthquake. If the collective memory of the 1999 earthquake is invoked in media coverage of the 2023 earthquake, how is it depicted in terms of lessons learned, public response, and influence on Turkish society? The study’s findings indicate that the analysis of Turkish media coverage pertaining to the 2023 earthquake has demonstrated a restricted collective recollection of the 1999 earthquake.
Comparison of the effects of PBL in 3D virtual environment and F2F on learning and spatial skills
(Springer, 2024) Küçük Avcı, Şirin; Akgün, Özcan Erkan; Balkan Kıyıcı, Fatime; Akgün, Özcan Erkan; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
This study aimed to juxtapose the impacts of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) methodology implemented within a three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment against PBL in a conventional face-to-face setting, along with a control group, on students' learning performance, conceptual comprehension, and spatial aptitude. The investigation concentrated on the structure of matter within a seventh-grade science curriculum, encompassing a cohort of 79 students enrolled in the course. The study was conducted under a mixed methods experimental design and comprised three distinct groups: two experimental groups (E1; E2) and one control group (C). The instructional intervention in the E1 group involved utilizing a 3D virtual environment grounded in the problem-based learning method, whereas the E2 group underwent face-to-face instruction employing worksheets derived from problem-based learning. In contrast, the control group received traditional direct instruction from the science teacher through lectures, demonstrations, and question-and-answer sessions, all focusing on the same topic. Pretests and posttests were administered to the participants before and after the experimental interventions, assessing conceptual understanding, spatial visualization, and mental rotation. Additionally, learning tasks completed by the E1 and E2 groups were evaluated using rubrics to assess learning performance. Subsequent to the post-test, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with randomly selected students from the E1 group. The results indicated that instruction within the problem-based 3D virtual environment significantly enhanced students' learning performance, conceptual understanding, spatial visualization, and mental rotation skills compared to the other instructional conditions.
ChatGPT and its role in revolutionizing digital marketing and enhancing customer engagement
(IGI Global, 2024) Tarabah, Nour El Hoda; Amin, Mohamed El Said; Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı
In the digital era, businesses strive to harness various advancements in the tech field to attain heightened levels of customer engagement and ensure the effectiveness of their marketing strategies. For instance, digital marketing has the capacity to utilize AI advancements to a significant extent. In particular, nowadays, digital marketers are leveraging a recent large language-model-based chatbot called "ChatGPT, " which enables users to engage in human-like conversations and has unprecedented opportunities to reshape and revolutionize the ecosystem of digital marketing and customer engagement. In this regard, this chapter underscores the transformative potential of ChatGPT in the domain of digital marketing and its profound implications for augmenting customer engagement by reviewing and synthesizing existing literature. Moreover, it considers the ethical implications surrounding AI deployment. By synthesizing existing literature, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in this domain, guiding future research and practice.
The effect of organizational culture, supplier trust and information sharing on supply chain viability
(Springer, 2024) Acar, Mehmet Fatih; Torgalöz, Alev Özer; Eryarsoy, Enes; Zaim, Selim; Ruel, Salomée; Zaim, Selim; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
This study investigates the impact of intangible resources such as adhocracy culture (ADC), information sharing with suppliers (IS), and supplier trust (ST) on supply chain viability (SCV) under high inflation environment. To do this, a conceptual model is developed to analyze the associations between these suggested variables. Using on a cross-sectional survey, data are collected from 216 supply chain (SC) and production practitioners based in Türkiye who are medium- to senior-level managers. To analyze our theoretical model, we processed our data and model using lavaan package in R. The results show a significant relationship between ADC and SCV. Additionally, both of IS and ST capabilities are found to have a strong mediating effect on the ADC and SCV relationship. The results of this study will provide insight for managers and researchers to prevent the negative effects of SC disruptions due to the high inflation or other type of stress tests. Extant research has investigated the SCV with different crises like COVID-19 pandemic however, the study is the first research that examines SCV under high inflation stress test. Moreover, ADC, IS and ST have not widely appeared in SCV literature. In this regard, this research also contributes to the ongoing efforts of investigating the antecedents of SCV.
Nationalism and knowledge: Othering and the disciplin(e)ing of anthropology in India
(Routledge, 2023) Ahmad, Irfan; Ahmad, Irfan; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sosyoloji Bölümü
This essay is about how Indian anthropology-sociology has historically theorized Islam and Muslims. In it, I demonstrate how anthropologists’ discourse on Islam and the majoritarian Hindu discourse on nation–Muslims being its constitutive other–dovetail into each other. Three main catalogues through which anthropology has dealt with Muslims are: silence, alienness and erasure. Against anthropology’s self-perception as the most reflexive discipline, I argue how Indian anthropology has been intertwined with nation-state as both an ideology and a set of practices. I also identify connections between symbolic violence of anthropology-sociology manifest in the othering of Islam and anti-Muslim political violence in postcolonial India. Discussing influential texts, schools of thoughts, departments, individuals, institutions, professional association in a framework that comparatively alludes to the ‘anomaly’ of Jews vis-à-vis German anthropology, this essay also charts out a different genealogy of anthropology in India, one that remains hushed in the regnant accounts. In so doing, it maps the discipline’s trajectory from its moment of formation to the present. One key aim of the essay is to unveil the theory behind methodological nationalism to discuss the (im)possibility of writing an alternative anthropology-sociology of India.
Moderating role of board gender diversity between odd board composition and audit quality
(Johar Education Society Pakistan, 2023) Hassan, Muhammad Zia Ul; Baith, S. M. Labib Abdul; Butt, Jahanzaib Safdar; Khan, Asad ul Islam; Khan, Asad ul Islam; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü
This study investigates the relationship between odd board structure, board gender diversity, and audit quality in Pakistani firms. The data is collected from Pakistan Stock Exchange’s KSE100 index companies from the year 2016 to 2020. The study employs regression models to analyze the impact of an odd board structure on audit quality, as measured by audit fees. Additionally, the moderating role of board gender diversity on this relationship is examined. The findings reveal that an odd board structure positively influences audit quality, indicating that firms with an odd number of directors pay higher audit fees. However, the study could not find a significant moderating role of board gender diversity. The study recommends the adoption of an odd board structure to enhance audit quality and further emphasizes the importance of promoting board gender diversity to strengthen governance practices especially audit quality in the Pakistani context.

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