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Techno-pedagogical communication, ed-tech and media professionals: Crossroads for enhancing instructional quality
(Routledge, 2025) Karanfiloğlu, Mehmet; Bulut, Mehmet Akın; İletişim Fakültesi, Yeni Medya ve İletişim Fakültesi; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
In pursuit of media and pedagogical excellence in the digital domain, this study examines the role of the Design-Based Research (DBR) process in using the Canvas Learning Management System (LMS) to improve techno-pedagogical teacher-student communication. Against the backdrop of rapid digital transformation accelerated by global disruptions, integrating Canvas as a Learning Management System (LMS) is at the forefront of these investigative efforts. Using a mixed methods approach, the research drew on empirical data from structured rubrics (Quality Matters Rubric, Triple E Rubric) to examine higher education courses (n = 5) and thematic analysis from student interviews (n = 16), highlighting noticeable improvements in instructional delivery and student engagement. The results highlight that the DBR process plays a central role in refining educational strategies, with iterative design and evaluations. This investigation into the digital orchestration of teacher-student interactions provides valuable insights into the nuanced dynamics of media and educational technologies. The study concludes that strategic application of the DBR process within Canvas LMS can result in a more tailored, responsive, and quality-focused learning experience. Our study contributes to the ongoing dialogue about effective digital pedagogy and proposes a model of engagement that is resilient and adaptable to media professionals and ever-evolving landscape of higher education.
Sustainability in full service carriers versus low cost carriers: A comparison of Turkish Airlines and Pegasus Airlines
(Springer Nature, 2021) Yılmaz, Mustafa Kemal; Köse, Aslıhan; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Continuous growth and use of natural resources bring sustainability into question in the aviation industry. Airlines are expected to implement sustainable business strategies to reduce detrimental environmental and social effects in their operations. Strategies in technological improvements may be strong solutions to enhance sustainability. These include environmental-friendly aircraft design, use of alternative fuels, low emission engine design, advanced air traffic management procedures. This study explores how two airlines, Turkish Airlines, as a Full Service Carrier (FSC), and Pegasus Airlines, as a Low Cost Carrier, have addressed sustainability in their business models over the period of 4 years (between 2014–2018). The results reveal that both companies have performed well in the strategic integration of sustainability by substantially investmenting in new fleet and technological advancements, that aimed at reducing emissions and fuel consumption. While Turkish Airlines has publicly available policies and regularly publishes sustainability reports transparently disclosing its progresses, Pegasus Airlines does not follow similar approach in addressing and communicating its sustainability activities to the shareholders and stakeholders. Thus, Turkish Airlines’ strategies leans more strongly towards sustainability than Pegasus Airlines.
History of international relations: A non-European perspective
(Open Book Publishers, 2019) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü
Existing textbooks on international relations treat history in a cursory fashion and perpetuate a Euro-centric perspective. This textbook pioneers a new approach by historicizing the material traditionally taught in International Relations courses, and by explicitly focusing on non-European cases, debates and issues. The volume is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the international systems that traditionally existed in Europe, East Asia, pre-Columbian Central and South America, Africa and Polynesia. The second part discusses the ways in which these international systems were brought into contact with each other through the agency of Mongols in Central Asia, Arabs in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, Indic and Sinic societies in South East Asia, and the Europeans through their travels and colonial expansion. The concluding section concerns contemporary issues: the processes of decolonization, neo-colonialism and globalization - and their consequences on contemporary society. History of International Relations provides a unique textbook for undergraduate and graduate students of international relations, and anybody interested in international relations theory, history, and contemporary politics.
A spiritual geography of early Chinese thought: Gods, ancestors, and afterlife
(Bloomsbury Publishing Plc., 2022) Clark, Kelly James; Winslett, Justin; Flint, Thomas; Koons, Robert; Pruss, Alexander; Taliaferro, Charles; Trigg, Roger; Widerker, David; Wynn, Mark; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü
It is widely claimed that notions of gods and religious beliefs are irrelevant or inconsequential to early Chinese (“Confucian”) moral and political thought. Rejecting the claim that religious practice plays a minimal philosophical role, Kelly James Clark and Justin Winslett offer a textual study that maps the religious terrain of early Chinese texts. They analyze the pantheon of extrahumans, from high gods to ancestor spirits, discussing their various representations, as well as examining conceptions of the afterlife and religious ritual. Demonstrating that religious beliefs in early China are both textually endorsed and ritually embodied, this book goes on to show how gods, ancestors and afterlife are philosophically salient. The summative chapter on the role of religious ritual in moral formation shows how religion forms a complex philosophical system capable of informing moral, social, and political conditions.
COVID-19 and the Okun’s law: The case of Ghana¹
(Cogent OA, 2025) Abdul Malik, Amaama; Khan, Asad ul Islam; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü
The Covid 19 pandemic was a strong shock that plummeted into the entire interconnected economic activities of the world. As a result of the lockdown associated with the pandemic, the economies of the world were affected through restrictions like lockdown leading to the reduction of economic indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and increase in Unemployment. This paper set out to look at the relationship between the GDP and unemployment in Ghana in the periods prior and during the covid pandemic. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used on data from 1991 to 2021. The result shows the nonexistence of the Okun’s law in Ghana in each of these periods. We conclude by advising policy makers to implement policies that directly generate more jobs like improvement in the agriculture sector through training and financial support to enable increased employment to match the increase in economic growth.
Employee mindfulness and creativity in the media industry: The roles of intrinsic motivation, cognitive flexibility, and supervisor support
(Routledge, 2025) Kıvrak, Fatma Halide; Adarves-Yorno, Inmaculada; Arslan, Mahmut; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Within the competitive landscape of creative industries, fostering employee creativity is essential for organisational innovation. Recently, mindfulness has been recognised as a significant contributor to creativity, yet its impact within creative industries and the underlying mechanisms remain underexplored. To address these gaps, we examine the relationship between mindfulness and employee creativity and propose a model based on the Componential Theory of Creativity, tested with employees from six media organisations in Turkey (N = 561). The findings confirm that mindfulness significantly enhances employee creativity through intrinsic motivation and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, we examine the moderating effect of perceived supervisor support, revealing a moderated mediation effect in the link between mindfulness and creativity. Finally, we discuss practical implications and future research directions.
Evaluation of maintenance strategies using Pythagorean fuzzy sets: A novel model for time-constrained processes
(Taylor & Francis, 2025) Sancar, Semih; Kuşakcı, Ali Osman; Ayvaz, Berk; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Considering the large investment cost as well as expectations such as increased awareness ofoccupational safety and quality, choosing the appropriate maintenance strategy emerges as acritical decision. Time-constrained production processes, which demand defect-free produc-tion within a limited timeframe, intensify the significance of this selection problem. In suchproduction processes, the product is generally short-lived, so stocking is not possible.Therefore, halting operations incurs significant costs. In this study, we aim to choose themost appropriate maintenance planning strategy for time-constrained processes. Given thatthe process of selecting a maintenance strategy is ambiguous and lacks conclusive assess-ments, it involves numerous hazy criteria. Thus, this study presents a framework that includesthe Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP-CRITIC-Entropy combined weighting method hybridized withPythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS. The model evaluates the maintenance options of Türkiye’s largestprinting company, which operates under time-constrained processes, in a real-world case studyproving the merit of the proposed methodology.
Contingency learning of social cues: Neural engagement and emotional modulation by facial expressions
(Frontiers, 2025) Saylık, Rahmi; Uysal, Burcu; Williams, Adrian Loyd; Murphy, Robin A.; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Contingency learning—the fundamental process by which associations are formed between events in our experience is as relevant of conditioning as it is for social interactions, where emotional cues, such as facial expressions, signal complex and reciprocal causal dynamics. This study investigates the functional neuroanatomy underlying contingency perception by with three type of contingent relation (positive, zero, and negative) using sad and happy facial expressions as stimuli in a group of neurotypical participants. Employing a streaming trial paradigm and functional MRI, we examined how these emotional contingencies engage brain regions involved in attention and predictive processing. The behavioural results indicated that participants could distinguish between different contingencies, regardless of the emotional stimuli. However, judgment ratings varied across conditions, with sad expressions eliciting weaker ratings compared to happy expressions, which moderated perceived causality, especially in the uncorrelated and negative contingency tasks. These behavioural findings were primarily linked to increased activation in frontal regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex. The results highlight the differential cognitive demands and neural responses evoked by emotional expressions and suggestive of the idea that statistical relations that violate social expectations are processed differently than positive relations.
A hybridized Pythagorean fuzzy AHP and WASPAS method for airline new route selection: Case study of Turkish Airline
(Emerald Publishing, 2025) Koma, Şenay; Kuşakcı, Ali Osman; Haji Amiri, Misagh; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Purpose – This study aims to provide a practical and novel solution for the complex multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem of airline route selection, which is characterized by conflicting criteria, alternative routes, and complex judgments. Design/methodology/approach – This study proposes a hybrid MCDM approach using Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP and Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) methods. Decision analysis is applied to select a new route between different alternatives through selection criteria. Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP is used for weighting criteria, and Pythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS is used for assessing alternatives. The pair-wise linguistic comparisons of selection criteria are transferred into Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (PFNs) to weigh each criterion’s importance. Findings – The pair-wise linguistic comparisons of selection criteria are transferred into PFNs to weigh each criterion’s importance. The results of these comparisons show that the main criteria, cost (43% weight) and demand (33% weight), impact route selection decisions more than social/economic conditions (15% weight) and competitiveness (9% weight). Regarding the criteria, the five routes alternative were evaluated by the route development experts, and the best route was selected with Pythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS. Practical implications – The proposed model is used for a route selection problem of Turkish Airlines, the airline that flies to the most countries in the world. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to use the Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP combined with Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS to solve the route selection problem. This hybrid MCDM methodology presents a novel and feasible solution for selecting the new route for airlines.
‘ … Like white light going through a prism’: A metaphorical exploration of multilingual education from teachers’ perspectives
(Routledge, 2025) Kamali, Jaber; Alpat, Muhammet Furkan; Rektörlük, Yabancı Diller Okulu
Various characteristics of multilingual educational settings have been investigated from diverse sources thus far; however, the metaphorical representation of these unique mini-societies has been overlooked and warrants greater attention. Therefore, grounded in a metaphorical standpoint, this study aimed to explore the underlying factors involved in multilingual education by analyzing teachers’ metaphors about it. To collect data, 67 teachers from a university in Türkiye, chosen through snowball sampling, completed a metaphor about multilingual education. Of these, 12 teachers participated in semi-structured interviews to elaborate on the metaphors they generated. Employing systematic metaphor analysis, the metaphors were categorized into six distinctive themes: travel, residence, edibles, art and entertainment, artifact, and career. Then, the thematic analysis of interview data indicated unique features of multilingual classrooms embedded within the provided metaphors and their underlying dimensions. These findings call for educational reforms in multilingual education for teachers, teacher educators, and policymakers by unveiling the unique features of this specific educational context.
Stablecoins and emerging market currencies: A time-varying analysis
(Emerald Publishing, 2025) Napari, Ayuba; Khan, Asad ul Islam; Kaplan, Muhittin; Vergil, Hasan; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü
Purpose: Owing to the growing evidence of crypto asset connectedness and correlation with traditional financial assets, this study sought to determine if there is a time-varying correlation and/or connectedness between the stablecoin market and the currencies of emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) with significant cryptocurrency penetration. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) to create stablecoin and EMDEs currency returns and volatility indices for EMDEs with significant cryptocurrency penetration. We then employ a time-varying correlation and time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) connectedness measures to document the time-dependent correlation and connectedness between the EMDE currencies and the stablecoin market. Findings: The result points to a spillover of return shocks from the EMDE currencies to the stablecoin market prior to and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This is indicative of a flight-to-safety role of stablecoins for EMDE currencies. This calls for increased attention to the stablecoin market by money market investors and monetary authorities. Originality/value: The paper contributes to the growing cryptocurrency and finance literature by empirically examining the level of connectedness between stablecoins and emerging market currencies. Knowing the relationship (correlation) and shock spillover (connectedness) between the stablecoins and the EMDE currencies will be valuable to currency investors’ diversification and hedging strategies, and to macroeconomic policymakers in designing and implementing regulation.
Unravelling crash risk transmission: Cryptocurrency impact on stock markets in G-7 and China
(Johar Education Society Pakistan, 2024) Khan, Asad ul Islam; Özcan, Rasim; Ibrahim, Mahat Maalim; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü
In this paper, we use the Empirical Bayes estimation and multiple linear regression approach to examine the impact of the top 5 cryptocurrencies’ crash risks on the G-7 and China equity markets’ crash risks. MATLAB was used to calculate the crash risks, while Stata software was employed for the econometric analysis. Three crash risk measures are used to validate the robustness of the results: (i) the relative frequency of the number of crash days in the market, (ii) the monthly returns’ skewness, and (iii) the down-to-up volatility. Our findings indicate that overall crash risks of the top 5 cryptocurrencies are positively related with G-7 and Chinese stock markets’ crash risk. This suggests that the crash risk transmits from the crypto to the equity markets and the crashes in crypto can serve as a predictor in the stock markets. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between the historical crash risks of the G-7 stock market and the present crash risks of the same stock market. This suggests that past stock market crashes can serve as a predictive factor for assessing the current risk of a stock market crash.
The impact of job autonomy on employee creativity: Examining perceived supervisor support as a mediator and job difficulty as a moderator
(Sage Publications, 2025) Kıvrak, Fatma Halide; Arslan, Mahmut; Adarves-Yorno, Inmaculada; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Research indicates that job autonomy (JA) plays a pivotal role in enhancing employee creativity (EC); however, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms facilitating this connection is still limited. To address this lacuna, we draw on self-determination theory, which argues that perceived supervisory support (PSS) may act as a mediator. Thus, this study explores how JA enhances creativity through PSS. Furthermore, we explore the moderating role of the job difficulty level on the relationship between JA and EC. Conducting a cross-sectional survey involving 561 employees in the Turkish media sector, our study utilizes structural equation modelling in AMOS and employs moderator analysis in PROCESS Macro. The results unveil that JA not only directly positively impacts EC but also exerts an indirect influence through the mediating role of PSS. Furthermore, our findings highlight the moderating effect of job difficulty level, indicating a negative impact on the relationship between JA and EC. Among the examined control variables, including gender, organizational tenure and sectoral tenure, it is notable that sectoral tenure emerges as the sole factor significantly influencing EC. These results have significant implications for the development of innovative management strategies and human resources policies tailored to the unique needs of media companies. The study underscores the importance of understanding the intricate dynamics between JA, PSS and job difficulty levels in fos tering a creative work environment.
A study on gambling behavior in Türkiye: Perceptions, attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors toward gambling
(AVES, 2024) Altıntaş, Merih; Başgül, Şaziye Senem; Avcu, Akif; Macit, Ruken; Büyüköztürk, Şener; Dinçer, Duygu; Özdenler, Merve; Öztürk, Ömer Mücahit; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Background: The aim of this quantitative study conducted with 5008 individuals aged 15 and above in 12 provinces across Turkey was to determine the prevalence and significant variables of gambling behavior in our country and to examine the gambling behaviors, perceptions, thoughts, and attitudes of this population towards gambling. The goal is to generate concrete, original, culturally sensitive, feasible, and effective recommendations for preventive and risk-reducing policies. It is the first and only comprehensive investigation into gambling behavior in Turkey, offering guidance in this field. Methods: In this study, which was conducted with an epidemiological cross-sectional design, a stratified random sampling technique was employed, and data were collected using computer-assisted faceto-face interviews. Individuals to be surveyed in households were randomly selected using the Kish method. Results: Three hundred forty-one participants (6.81%) reported having gambled at least once (GALO) in their lifetime, while the remaining participants stated they had never gambled (NG). Among the GALO group, 100 individuals (29.33%) reported regular participation in gambling activities during the data collection period. The most commonly played types of gambling were sports betting (55.4%), national lottery (42.2%), numeric lottery (34.6%), and bingo (30.8%). The ages of first-time gambling ranged from 6 to 41. Tobacco, alcohol, and substance use were significantly more common in the GALO group compared to the NG group (P < .001). Conclusion: Understanding the prevalence of gambling behavior and underlying motivations is crucial for creating awareness and implementing effective preventive measures. We must determine its prevalence, examine societal attitudes, highlight its presence, and prioritize solution-oriented strategies.
The Reicher-Wheeler paradigm in word recognition research: A cautionary note on its actual contributions and published misconceptions
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024) Jordan, Timothy R.; Akkaya, Aziz M.; Göçmüş, Fatma Zehra; Kalan, Aleynanur; Morgül, Ebru; Önalan, Kübra; Sheen, Mercedes Kier; Akkaya, Aziz Muhammed; Morgül, Ebru; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
The study of word recognition has been influenced greatly by findings obtained when visual stimuli are presented very briefly. Under these conditions, a great deal of evidence suggests that words are perceived better than nonwords, and even single letters, and it is generally accepted that these “word superiority effects” reflect the relative efficiency with which words are perceived. For more than 50 years, a key procedure for establishing these effects has been the Reicher-Wheeler Paradigm in which potentially confounding effects of non-perceptual guesswork are cleverly suppressed. More recently, however, the actual nature of the ReicherWheeler paradigm and its contribution to research have become misrepresented in a range of publications, and its use in experiments has been confused and conflated with other, less sophisticated procedures. In this article we describe the actual contributions made by the Reicher-Wheeler Paradigm to word recognition research and show examples of how these important contributions have been misunderstood and misconceived in experiments reported in the recent literature.
Multidimensional meaning in life: Turkish validation of the 3DM using a bifactor model
(Cyprus Mental Health Institute, 2024) Subaşı, Mustafa; Bulut, Sefa; Karaman, Hakan; Osin, Evgeny N.; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
Recent research highlights the importance of multidimensional measurement in assessing meaning in life. The Three Dimensional Meaning in Life Scale (3DM) is a self-report measure based on a tripartite framework including significance, coherence, and purpose. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the 3DM. The first-order confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the Turkish version replicated the original three-factor structure of the 3DM. The model showed a good fit to the present data. The bifactor model of the 3DM supported a multidimensional structure of meaning in life, and measurement invariance indices demonstrated consistent psychometric properties across gender groups. The 3DM subscales had good reliability, with strong item-total correlations ranging from .47 to .76. They had significant positive associations with meaning in life and well-being indicators. The results provided evidence for the structural and convergent validity of the 3DM. Overall, the Turkish 3DM is a valid and reliable measure.
A further look at perception of personalities in typefaces: Evidence from Turkish
(SAGE Publications, 2025) Sheen, Mercedes; Yekani, Hajar Aman Key; Morgül, Ebru; Jordan, Timothy R.; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Previous research conducted in English indicates that the visual appearances of different typefaces are perceived as possessing distinct characteristics, what we call “print personality” (e.g., masculine, feminine, serious, fun) to the extent that the typeface used conveys information to the reader beyond that which is expressed linguistically by the word. Recent work has found that these attributions of “print personality” also extend to typefaces written in Arabic, but one language that is distinct from both languages is Turkish. Turkish is written in a version of the Latinate alphabet containing 29 letters which include unique diacritics and is a genderless language which requires no gender associations for nouns, pronouns, or adjectives. Given that many print personalities appear to be strongly associated with gender (masculine, feminine, elegance, confidence), it remains to be determined if the association of print personalities extends to Turkish typefaces, and the pattern of any such associations. Accordingly, sixteen different typefaces were presented to fluent native Turkish readers who rated each typeface according to 22 different personality characteristics. The results indicate that, although Turkish participants readily assigned personality characteristics to different typefaces, gendered associations across different typefaces were far weaker than previously found. Implications for the generality of the existence of typeface personalities across different languages, and the effect this may have on perception of genderless languages, are discussed.
Human dignity from an Islamic perspective: Concepts and theoretical base
(Brill Academic Publishers, 2024) Erkoç Baydar, Tuba; İslami İlimler Fakültesi, Temel İslam Bilimleri Bölümü
The issue of dignity is pivotal not only in matters concerning mortality but also in various critical domains from the moment of human birth. It necessitates an interdisciplinary and holistic examination, considering its religious, philosophical, moral, and legal dimensions. This paper aims to contribute to the discourse by evaluating the concept of human dignity from an Islamic legal perspective. Modern views are not extensively covered, as the objective is to present classical approaches that have influenced current debates, rather than addressing contemporary discussions directly. We aim to explore how the concept of human dignity is reflected, particularly in human actions, which can only be adequately conveyed through Islamic legal texts. Furthermore, the paper examines the practical manifestations of this theory through specific examples.
The causal relationship between public investment in renewable energy and climate change performance index
(Econjournals, 2025) Vergil, Hasan; Mursal, Marwa; Kaplan, Muhittin; Khan, Asad ul Islam; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü
Addressing the current environmental challenges requires optimizing climate actions and understanding the complex relationships among them. This paper aims to provide insights into how public investment in renewable energy influences various dimensions of climate change, including emissions, efficiency, renewable energy deployment, and policy effectiveness. This study seeks to explore the causal connection between public investment in renewable energy and the Climate Change Performance Indicator (CPI) from 2007 to 2017, utilizing data provided by German Watch. The method used is Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s (2012) Granger Causality. The study unveils a unidirectional causality from Renewable Energy Investment (REI) to climate change performance. Additionally, it emphasizes the critical role of energy efficiency in attracting investments in renewable energy. Surprisingly, the study finds that REI influences the quality of climate policy. Furthermore, the study identifies a bi-directional causality between a renewable energy share and REI. The contribution of the paper lies in its analysis of public investment in renewable energy, covering areas beyond just public finance for R&D in renewable energy, as also exploring the causal link between this investment and CPI. It offers policymakers insights on how financial governmental interventions can effectively drive climate action.
The relationship between firm formation and unemployment: Evidence from Türkiye
(MDPI, 2025) Moiz, Muhammad; Genç İleri, Şerife
This paper aims to explore the relationship between firm formation and unemployment using regional and city-level Turkish data. We focus on the post-2008 financial crisis period and analyze the effects of unemployment and other control variables on firm formation at NUTS-II and NUTS-III regions of Türkiye. We estimate a fixed-effects panel data model and control for GDP per capita, urbanization, population density, patents, high school education, and higher education. Our results suggest that there is a significant positive effect of unemployment on new firm formation. The analysis concerning the converse relation, the impact of firm formation on unemployment, reveals no significant results at the NUTS-II level; however, a significant negative relationship is found at the city level with 4- and 5-year lags. Unemployment; Firm Formation; Schumpeter Effect; Refugee Effect; Regional Analysis

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