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Cross-cultural applicability of the Inventory of Problems–29 (IOP–29): A pre-registered German replication of Akca, Tepedelen, et al. (2023)
(Routledge, 2025) Höpfner, Henrike; Uysal, Burcu; Stemmler, Mark; Akca, Ali Y. E.; Giromini, Luciano; Uysal, Burcu; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Assessing the credibility of psychological problems in forensic evaluations is crucial. The Inventory of Problems–29 (IOP–29) is becoming a valuable symptom validity test (SVT) worldwide and has been validated in over 15 languages. This study evaluates the German IOP–29 and fills a gap by replicating a study of Akca, Tepedelen, et al. We analysed 384 IOP–29 protocols from 128 German-speaking adults (range = 18–87 years) under three conditions: honest, random and feigned responses (post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD; depression; schizophrenia). Statistical analyses showed that the False Disorder Probability Score (FDS) effectively discriminated between honest and feigned responses (Hedges g = 3.90), with a sensitivity of .91 and a specificity of .95 at an FDS cut-off value of ≥.50. A new index for detecting careless or random responses also showed promising results. This study confirms the utility of the IOP–29 in the German-speaking population and supports its cross-cultural applicability.
AI ethics as a complex and multifaceted challenge: Decoding educators’ AI ethics alignment through the lens of activity theory
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kamali, Jaber; Alpat, Muhammet Furkan; Bozkurt, Aras; Rektörlük, Yabancı Diller Okulu
This study explores university educators’ perspectives on their alignment with artifcial intelligence (AI) ethics, considering activity theory (AT), which forms the theoretical underpinning of this study. To do so, 37 educators from a higher education institution were selected to write their metaphors about AI ethics alignment, out of which 11 attended semi-structured interviews, in which they answered some questions about their AI ethics alignment and narrated some experiences. The study reveals diverse and often contradictory perspectives on AI ethics, highlighting a general lack of awareness and inconsistent application of ethical principles. Some educators metaphorised AI ethics as fundamental but difcult to understand, while others pointed to the difculties of regulating ethical violations. The fndings highlight the need for targeted professional development on AI ethics, collaborative policy making and a multidisciplinary approach to promote ethical use of AI in higher education. This study also calls for stronger alignment between educators’ personal ethical standards and institutional norms to reduce AI-related risks in educational settings.
[Book Review]: "The Cinema of Aki Kaurismaki: Contrarian Stories"
(Routledge, 2024) Maden, Azize
While Aki Kaurismäki’s cinema can be seen as an instance of postmodern aesthetics, Andrew Nestingen claims in The Cinema of Aki Kaurismäki: Contrarian Stories that his films’ melodramatic seriousness and moral purpose situates them in a more modernist framework (21), casting him with the likes of Lars von Trier, Michael Haneke and Steven Soderbergh, rather than Quentin Tarantino, Wes Anderson or the Coen Brothers. That being said, Kaurismäki’s access to film archives and his voracious consumption of films during his teenage years places him alongside François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Jim Jarmusch and Tarantino as a cinephile (and thus pomo?) auteur. These seemingly contradictory facets of Kaurismäki’s work nonetheless exemplify the ambivalence that Nestingen sees as being critical to understanding his work...
Exploring vaccine hesitancy in digital public discourse: From tribal polarization to socio-economic disparities
(Public Library of Science, 2024) Ayaz, Huzeyfe; Çelik, Muhammed Hasan; Koytak, Hüseyin Zeyd; Yanık, İbrahim Emre; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sosyoloji Bölümü
This study analyzed online public discourse on Twitter (later rebranded as X) during the COVID-19 pandemic to understand key factors associated with vaccine hesitancy by employing deep-learning techniques. Text classification analysis reveals a significant association between attitudes toward vaccination and the unique socio-economic characteristics of US states, such as education, race, income or voting behavior. However, our results indicate that attributing vaccine hesitancy solely to a single social factor is not appropriate. Furthermore, the topic modeling of online discourse identifies two distinct sets of justifications for vaccine hesitancy. The first set pertains to political concerns, including constitutional rights and conspiracy theories. The second pertains to medical concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy. However, vaccine-hesitant social media users pragmatically use broad categories of justification for their beliefs. This behavior may suggest that vaccine hesitancy is influenced by political beliefs, unconscious emotions, and gut-level instinct. Our findings have further implications for the critical role of trust in public institutions in shaping attitudes toward vaccination and the need for tailored communication strategies to restore faith in marginalized communities.
Development and evaluation of a group-based healthy and respectful relationship program for male perpetrators of domestic violence in Türkiye
(Routledge, 2024) Turhan, Zeynep; Genç, Emel; Bulut, Sefa; Demir, Mehmet Can; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
Domestic violence perpetrator programs should develop a multifaceted approach and implement rigorous evaluations. This study examined the effectiveness of a 10-week healthy relationships program for male perpetrators in Türkiye with recent family restraining orders. The program integrated motivational strategies, cognitive-behavioral therapy, feminist therapy, positive psychology, and the stages of change model. The study utilized a qualitative research design, including semi-structured interviews. A total of 18 men were allocated to three intervention groups (N = 18; Group 1: 6, Group 2: 5, Group 3: 7). Thematic analysis revealed that, despite initial concerns, the men gradually developed trust and acquired new skills through the eclectic approach. However, challenges related to sustaining long-term behavioral change were identified. The results imply that perpetrators have the potential to enhance their communication and anger management abilities, although they may encounter difficulties in fully acknowledging their role in perpetrating violence.
Collaborative reflection as a means to improve teachers’ reflective skills: A community of practice perspective
(Routledge, 2024) Kamali, Jaber; Javahery, Pourya; Rektörlük, Yabancı Diller Okulu
This study aims at using collaborative reflection to see how itimpacts teachers’ breadth and depth of reflection on teachingpractice. To do so, as a part of an in-house professional develop-ment program of two schools of languages in Iran, eight teachersattended four sessions of collaborative reflection in which theyfocused on teacher talk. In these sessions, they wrote a reflectivenote about a teaching session they had observed for 20 minutes,engaged in a discussion with their peers for an additional 30minutes, and wrote another reflective note after the sessions inanother 20 minutes. Their reflective notes were compared to findpossible differences. To corroborate the data, the teachers all com-pleted narrative frames and attended semi-structured interviews inwhich they discussed any changes in their thoughts and the rea-sons for the changes. The gathered data were analyzed using in-depth thematic analysis, which involved iterative coding and themeidentification to uncover differences in reflective depth and diver-sity. The findings indicated that collaborative reflection significantlyenhanced teachers’ reflective skills, leading to more practical, andmore diverse reflections. This study suggested that incorporatingcollaborative reflection in professional development programs canfoster critical thinking and continuous improvement among lan-guage teachers.
Handwriting speed, visual-motor skills, and attitudes toward writing in the context of handwriting legibility of students with learning disabilities
(Routledge, 2024) Yakut, Ayşe Dilşad; Akgül, Savaş; Şengül Erdem, Hatice; Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bölümü
Many studies on learning disability (LD) have focused on the reading skills of students; however, many students with LDs struggle with basic handwriting skills, which are fundamental for all ages in school and everyday functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the handwriting legibility of students with LDs in conjunction with their handwriting speed, visual-motor skills, and attitudes toward writing. The sample included 75 third- to fourth-grade students in a metropolitan city in Türkiye. The assessment task aligned with the research purpose: for the students to copy the Turkish text, copy geometrical figures, and answer questions related to attitudes toward writing. Correlations among variables varied; however, the results confirmed that handwriting speed, visual-motor skills, and attitudes toward writing predicted the handwriting legibility of students with LDs. There are intricate relationships between handwriting speed, visual-motor skills, and attitudes toward writing. The results have implications for research and practice.
[Book Review]: "Islam and biomedical research ethics"
(Yavuz Ünal, 2024) Mete, Büşra Nur
Sağlık alanındaki gelişmelerle birlikte, insanlar bilimsel araştırmalarda hasta, araştırmacı veya denek olarak farklı rollerde yer almaktadır. Eşref-i mahlûkât olan insana yönelik, her türlü müdahalede ise dinî ve biyoetik birçok sorun gündeme gelmektedir. Bu sorunların tespiti ve çözümü için bunları, Müslüman bilim insanları ve doktorların tecrübelerine dayalı vaka bazlı incelemelerle ele alan ve İslâmi biyomedikal araştırma etiği prensiplerinin belirlenmesine destek olan çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada ise Dr. Mehrunisha Suleman’ın, bu ihtiyacı karşılamak amacıyla kaleme aldığı ve hem yöntem hem de üslup açısından, bu ihtiyaca binaen yapılacak diğer çalışmalara rehber niteliğinde olan, İslam ve Biyomedikal Araştırma Etiği (Islam and Biomedical Research Ethics) adlı eseri incelenecektir.
Financial performance of emerging market companies during the COVID-19 pandemic: Moderating role of sustainability performance
(Emerald Publishing, 2024) Aksoy, Mine; Yılmaz, Mustafa Kemal; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether sustainability performance (SP) served as a safeguard for firm profitability (FP) and enhanced corporate resilience in emerging markets during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 1,091 firms in 25 emerging markets from 2017 to 2021, this study analyses the moderating role of SP on the relationship between FP and COVID-19 by using hierarchical linear modelling at three levels: (a) time-level; (b) firm-level; (c) country-level. Findings: The results indicate that during the years 2020–2021, emerging market firms with robust SP showed better FP in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings also indicate that all dimensions of sustainability, i.e. environmental, social and governance (ESG), have significantly affected the FP in the post-COVID period. Hence, adhering to ESG principles aids in alleviating adverse financial repercussions during times of crises. Practical implications: This study provides valuable insights for companies and policymakers for finding solutions that may assist them in improving SP globally and enduring crises resiliently. The findings are also relevant to institutional investors that consider SP as an investment criteria. Although the COVID-19 pandemic was temporary, the lessons learned could protect firms from future similar global crises. Originality/value: This study enhances the understanding of the contingency relationship between sustainability and financial performance by offering up-to-date empirical insights within the context of emerging markets during the pandemic. It demonstrates how different institutional frameworks influenced the SP–FP association during the crisis. Thus, this paper expands the understanding of crisis management literature and bridges the research void concerning the impact of SP on FP in an emerging market context.
Link between digital technologies adoption and sustainability performance: Supply chain traceability/resilience or circular economy practices
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Duman Altan, Aylin; Beyca, Ömer Faruk; Zaim, Selim; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
Technological progress and digitalization have ushered in significant transformations in business strategies. At present, research is scarcely focused on the influence of the adoption of digital technologies (DTs) on establishing comprehensive relationships within the context of a circular economy (CE), and the supply chain (SC) framework to contribute to the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. This study utilizes survey data collected from 235 manufacturing practitioners employed by Turkish manufacturing enterprises to explore a model elucidating the relationship between DTs adoption and sustainability performance (SP) through supply chain traceability (SCT), supply chain resilience (SCR), and circular economy practices (CEPs), based on 10R strategies. Through this linkage, this research accentuates that the exclusive integration of CEPs with digital technology solutions is insufficient for industrial enterprises to attain their long-term sustainability goals. It underscores the necessity of ensuring SCT and/or SCR in this context.
Revisiting post-Islamism a decade after the Arab Spring
(University of Belgrade - Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, 2024) Affan, Mohammad; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü
The Arab Spring uprisings marked a watershed moment in regional politics, significantly impacting Islamist movements in terms of strategies, ideologies, and organizational structures. Accordingly, this paper examines whether these dramatic events strengthened or weakened the post-Islamist evolution of traditional political Islam movements, focusing on the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (E-MB) and the Tunisian Ennahda Movement Party (EMP) as case studies. The proposed hypothesis is that the Arab Spring has variably influenced Islamists. In Egypt, it initially weakened the post-Islamist turn of the E-MB. However, owing to the 2013 coup and subsequent repression, the E-MB was politically excluded and weakened, creating a vacuum that was filled by various forms of less political or non-ideological forms of Islamic activism. The Tunisian Islamists had a different story. The Arab Spring seems to have strengthened their transition to post-Islamism. In its tenth conference, the EMP declared its exit from political Islam, adopting the new concept of Muslim Democracy. Even after the presidential takeover in July 2021, which resulted in the political exclusion of the EMP, the Work and Achievement party that defected from it maintained clear post-Islamist features.
Against the odds: Explaining mainstream Montenegrin parties domination of Bosniak and Albanian minority representation in postcommunist Montenegro
(Cambridge University Press, 2024) Lika, Idlir; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü
The Bosniak and Albanian minorities in postcommunist Montenegro have supported and been represented by mainstream Montenegrin parties more than by their ethnic parties. This stands in striking contrast to the situation in neighboring Serbia and North Macedonia where the Bosniak and Albanian minorities vote almost exclusively for their ethnic parties. The Montenegrin case stands out as deviant also when one considers a number of extant explanations, all of which would predict a different outcome. Montenegrin Bosniaks and Albanians constitute two native, sizeable and geographically concentrated minority groups inhabiting a country with an institutional framework and several special electoral arrangements favoring minority parties. Drawing on original data on Bosniak and Albanian legislators elected across 12 parliamentary elections in Montenegro (1990-2023), municipality and country-level parliamentary election results and 12 semi-structured elite interviews, I argue that what explains the deviance in the Montenegrin case is the peculiar nature of Montenegrin identity, specifically the fact that it does not pit the majority against minority, but rather it pits the Montenegrin and Serbian components of the Orthodox majority against each other and in such a context the non-Orthodox minorities become critical political allies of the Montenegrin bloc against the Serbian one.
An integrated expert recommender system approach to environmental service priorities in renewable energy
(IOP Publishing, 2024) Yüksel, Serhat; Dinçer, Hasan; Hacıoğlu, Ümit; An, Jaehyung; Mikhaylov, Alexey; Karpyn, Zuleima; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
The purpose of this study is to analyze the investment success of renewable energy generation projects design. A novel model has been constructed for this purpose. At the first stage, collaborative filtering methodology is taken into consideration to complete missing evaluations. After that, M-SWARA based on QUSFSs with golden cut is used to compute the weights of these factors. Finally, the components of the service design are ranked by TOPSIS approach. The main contribution of the paper is that a new methodology (M-SWARA) has been created in this study by making improvements to SWARA. With the help of this new model, causal directions between the indicators can also be examined. Similarly, collaborative filtering methodology is taken into consideration to complete missing evaluations. In this process, the decision makers are allowed to leave the questions they wanted blank. This situation is considered as the superiority of the proposed model compared to many previous models in the literature. The findings indicate that cost is the most significant factor for the success of renewable energy investments because it gets the highest weight (.261). The ranking results also demonstrate that product is the most essential component of the service design of renewable energy investments. Therefore, solving the high-cost problem is of vital importance to increase these investments. First, renewable energy companies can reduce costs with more effective financial management. To carry out this process effectively, a finance department consisting of qualified personnel is needed. Thanks to this team, current situations in the financial markets will be better followed and this will play an important role in reducing costs.
Performance evaluation of sustainable energy alternatives to obtain efficient hybrid energy investments
(Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2024) Dinçer, Hasan; Yüksel, Serhat; Hacıoğlu, Ümit; Gherghina, Ştefan Cristian; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü
This study evaluates the synergy of coalition for hybrid renewable energy (RWB) system alternatives. In this context, the alternative sources of hybrid RWB system are examined to illustrate the impact-relation directions among them with multi SWARA based on q-ROFs and golden cut. Next, the performances of renewable alternatives are measured in terms of the synergy of coalition with game theory and Shapley value. It is concluded that solar energy is the most suitable RWB alternative for synergy to increase efficiency in investments. However, biomass does not have a significant influence on providing synergy in energy investments. Therefore, solar energy should be prioritized for hybrid energy investments. Especially with the effect of technological developments, the efficiency of solar energy investments increases significantly. Thus, solar energy investments have become quite suitable for increasing the synergy in hybrid energy projects. Furthermore, necessary research should be conducted to make biomass energy more efficient.
UNIDROIT factoring model law: Critiques and possible effects
(Universidade Portucalense, 2024) Kaya, Barış; Hukuk Fakültesi, Hukuk Bölümü
Factoring fulfills an important function globally in financing and accessing credit for businesses, companies and entrepreneurs of all sizes, especially small and medium-sized businesses. The UNIDROIT Factoring Model Law was prepared within a three-year period as a result of the work initiated by UNIDROIT upon the recommendation of the World Bank due to reasons such as the inadequacy of the existing international legislation for countries to create a functional factoring legislation and the need to create global rules and legislation specific to factoring. The UNIDROIT Factoring Model Law for which the Guide to Enactment has not yet been prepared, contains some challenging rules. During the preparation of the UNIDROIT Factoring Model Law, other relevant legal regulations were also used and compliance with them was observed. In this study, the UNIDROIT Factoring Model Law, which is a very new legislation, has been criticized under basic section headings and its weaknesses and strengths have been examined. While doing this, an answer is sought to the question of whether the UNIDROIT Factoring Model Law could meet the expectations. Additionally, its possible effects are discussed. It has been concluded that the UNIDROIT Factoring Model Law contains provisions that may cause problems and confusion in practice especially under the headings of the scope of receivables subject to transfer, notification and registration system, priority rights, but in general it should be welcomed as an exemplary law. It is too early to answer the question of whether the UNIDROIT Factoring Model Law will be successful internationally, that is, to what extent it will be adopted by countries. The Guide to Enactment to be prepared in this process will also be effective.
The politics of emotions, bio-political border practices and the question of (in)security on the Turkish political territorial borders
(Routledge, 2024) Aras, Ramazan; Kalmoy, Abdirashid Diriye; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sosyoloji Bölümü
This paper conceptually and analytically delineates the operationand employment of discourses and the political emotions of fearand anxiety in the making, conception, and cartographicimagination of the contours of modern Turkey’s politicalterritorial boundaries. This study posits that the emergence andformation of the Turkish political territorial borders after thetraumatic and violent experience of the cataclysmic shrinking,collapse and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire continue toinfluence discourses, emotions, practices and policies of bordersecurity and policing. Borders and borderlands are not only siteswhere the state performs, exercises and displays its sovereign willand power in protecting national security, dignity, pride andhonor, but also sources and harbingers of fears, anxieties andontological (in)securities. In the context of the highly publicizedimmigration influx of Syrians, Iraqis, Afghanis and others intoTurkey, this paper argues that discourses and emotions of fear,anxiety and hate regained new currency and have becomeconsequential in the state’s eliciting of consent from the massesin instituting border walls, fences and harsh border policingpractices and policies on the borderlands and in cities across thecountry.
Transformative learning: Flipped classroom and its impact on writing skill and critical thinking level
(International Council for Open and Distance Education, 2024) Alpat, Muhammet Furkan; Görgülü, Emrah; Rektörlük, Yabancı Diller Okulu
The study sought to ascertain if critical thinking instruction delivered via the Flipped Classroom may improve students’ EFL writing skills. In addition to determining if the present instructional model influences students’ views of critical thinking and attitudes toward Flipped Learning integration, another goal is to determine whether students’ attitudes about Flipped Learning integration change. Students at the School of Languages at the upper-intermediate level took part in a reading and writing course to enhance their writing abilities. It was an experimental study with two groups consisting of an experimental group and a control group that each got training from the researcher for six weeks, and each group included 15 students. A variety of qualitative and quantitative data collection tools were used for this study, with the California critical thinking level inventory survey used in the first phase of the study, and critical thinking interviews used in the latter stage of the flipping classroom survey. Analyzing students’ responses to the California Critical Thinking Level Inventory found that the experimental group outperformed the control group, indicating a substantial boost in critical thinking abilities in those who took part in the experiment. The findings of the Flipped Classroom questionnaire show that students have a significant influence on the new teaching model in terms of their opinions regarding it.
A re-classification of al-Ījī’s Akhlāq al-Adudiyya into a model of Traditional Islamic Virtues (TIV)
(Michigan Publishing, 2024) Keshavarzi, Hooman; Yanık, Medaim; Keçeci, Esra; Cinisli, Muhammed Furkan; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
While psychologists have only recently become extensively interested in character development and virtue acquisition, such an interest has existed for centuries among Muslim scholars. Islamic scholars have created many typologies and classifications of the virtues building upon the tradition they inherited from the ancient Greeks. Among the most notable works in this genre is the treatise most famously known as al-akhlāq al-ad ․udiyyah, written by the 14th century scholar Ad ․ud al-Dīn al-Ījī (d. 756 AH/1355 CE), which provided a comprehensive yet concise manual of the Islamic virtues that synthesized the previous work of Islamic philosophers situated within Islamic scripture. This paper provides a revised classification of the Islamic virtues by adjusting al-Ījī’s classification of virtues in his al-akhlāq al-ad ․udiyyah.This revised classification of virtues, referred to as Traditional Islamic Virtues (TIV), adopts the four cardinal virtues of wisdom, temperance, valor, and justice, with the addition of spirituality as an independent chief virtue with accompanying sub-virtues. TIV provides an aggregation of many of the sub-virtues enlisted by al-Ījī due to the degree of overlap between them. TIV also makes minor linguistic revisions and adds a few new sub-virtues. The definitions of each of the TIV sub-virtues are constructed by drawing upon numerous sources in the Islamic tradition while still relying mostly on al-Ījī’s classification.The process of aggregation and revision has produced five cardinal TIV virtues with 31 sub-virtues. This paper further demonstrates that a review and integration of the Islamic tradition into mainstream psychological discourses can greatly enrich the holistic practice of clinical and community psychology.
Contemporary scholarship on classical Islamic psychology a scoping review
(Michigan Publishing, 2024) Elzamzamy, Khalid; Bader, Rasha K.; Bircan, Fikriye Bilge
The Islamic classical scholarly tradition is replete with literature on a wide range of psychological themes. In recent decades, there has been a surge in the study and re-evaluation of this classical literature considering modern psychology. The purpose of this review is to typologize and examine the prevalent themes and approaches in this contemporary body of scholarship engaging with classical Islamic psychological literature, and to highlight gaps and limitations. This literature review utilized a flexible search strategy through various national and regional databases using a wide range of keywords. The study included a total of 132 works in three languages: Arabic, English, and Turkish. The identified works were screened for inclusion based on their relevance to psychology and their focus on classical Islamic works. These works were organized according to a thematic typology developed by the authors into three categories: broad overviews, theory-oriented works, and application-oriented works. The review indicated a significant diversified interest in classical literature in relation to modern approaches to psychology. However, contemporary scholarship included a notable “championing” attitude towards classical literature with less prevalence of empirical explorations and practical applications. Certain classical scholars and treatises received significantly more attention than others in recent decades. The paper concludes by offering future directions for research in this domain.
Exploring the impact of behavioural factors and personality traits on private pension system participation: A machine learning approach
(İstanbul University Press, 2024) Verberi, Can; Kaplan, Muhittin; Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü
This study aims to investigate the effects of personality traits, in addition to basic financial literacy, private pension literacy and behavioural factors on Private Pension System (PPS) participation using machine learning algorithms. The PPS participation model was trained using both random forest and LightGBM algorithms, and the contributions of model inputs in the prediction of pension participation were interpreted using the Tree SHAP algorithms with swarmplots. The data employed in the empirical analysis is survey data collected from the Şırnak province of Türkiye with a sample size of 449. The findings of the study shows that: (i) PPS participation is more likely for females and middle-aged people; (ii) High basic financial literacy has a negative impact on PPS participation; (iii) Extraversion is the key personality trait affecting PPS participation; (iv) Advanced pension literacy has more impact on participation than simple pension literacy: (v) Present-fatalistic tendency is key behavioural factor and it negatively affects PPS; (vi) Present-hedonistic, conscientiousness, future-time orientation, and locus of control tendencies increase PPS participation. Furthermore, the distribution of colours in LightGBM has a greater degree of uniformity in both directions compared with the random forest algorithm. Finally, to increase PPS participation, the results of the study suggest the implementation of the following policy measures: Tailored pension literacy programmes can help to increase pension participation rates. Incentives should be created to prevent narrow-minded behaviour and establish a sense of protection and control around PPS, targeting middle-aged individuals and women.

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